mmpi validity scales interpretation

3 0 obj Classification accuracies associated with the overreporting Validity Scale scores were evaluated and generally supported their utility in correctly classifying overreporters and patients. High scores indicate a tendency to yea-say (i.e., endorse many items as true), and low scores indicate a tendency to nay-say (i.e., endorse many items as false). p|htZ *%LX'R=fYAoP~N^_"^8e&G;(&+bP*^!18O~>.MBg3p4F .h?c> 1'k&%^?MOCuE|x2KQY This study describes the development of a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) scale designed to detect negative response bias in forensic neuropsychological or disability assessment settings. The scale can also show potential substance abuse, emotional or social alienation, eccentricities, and a limited interest in other people. (2020). << /Length 14 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> 4.rQb$er b2)d}{wxZk6Nl,1'_Oy%^g6p~P*sgr[N'|=dWfd8kaGG1Uw8,f9ea =\?Yq*IrZb6-\. hLA@27!t Cyu7aoid;qzaBccXJNo+iFs37b;!rLpaF&>:&? L],So )3 endstream endobj 1940 0 obj <>stream Overall, the MMPI-2s measures of test-taking approach and validity may qualify clinical findings or lend credence to interpretations yielded by the test in multiple situations, particularly in forensic situations such as criminal proceedings as well as in gatekeeping evaluations (e.g., child custody assessments), in which examinees may have motivation to modify their clinical presentation. ~MH XW\xjsTf)Hml5+e?C Xznp Pearson Assessments; 1989. Apps, podcasts, YouTube channels we've compiled the 9 best online guided meditation options. Ds Dissimulation Scale (Gough,1954); (58 items); developed on true neurotics verses normals faking neurosis, Ds measures more exaggeration of neurotic symptoms, whereas F and Fb assesses more exaggeration of psychotic or severe symptoms. Since these tests can be used for circumstances like employment screenings and custody hearings, test takers may not be completely honest in their answers. The MMPI is considered reliable; however, it is just one tool of many to diagnose mental health conditions. K scale elevations may indicate that an examinee was being defensive, has poor insight, and may be seeking to maintain a faqade of adequacy and control without admitting to problems or weaknesses. ? Developed by having college students take the MMPI under conditions, of fake good, fake bad and normal. MMPI-2 overview. mU^I6?8sR'+Ygi!G01z3G+\AwKp[k?2qQeYV;f'O(;VJ>v_dK'];(@3J??tN=^Sd;UbUJT[9oF6lAALLtjD:[vAhKtWKS)RRAb%:m$ #EP+;n. ~VP~CuE3TR6e(I17.BYeg;yI^%f*FgjZE[:VN#b\2jV RvKKj,D5c*3+ pA}EY0tBMw!*r$Y*vd$'5'Iwrr|RZqAIaRARSz{kk x5G1@1?c_b[;Bv&G*.V6}C 0^=L6[IL+KXwFz)UR#|Z(GDF.J -nUY?L|a@q)$ hH~]@;| nfh.\Tcx%N Licensed Psychologist All Rights Reserved. endobj The third scale was originally designed to identify those who display hysteria or physical complaints in stressful situations. This scale identifies unhealthy overactivity expressed as excitement, elevated and unstable mood, and long strings of ideas. The MMPI-A II. T scores (mean of 50 and standard deviations of 10) were used to compute the standard scores. 1432 This scale can be thought of as a measure of disobedience and antisocial behavior. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This can also be High due to inconsistencies within the personality. endstream Scores greater than T65 suggest some exaggeration, and scores greater than T98 are most likely to be exaggerated. gy\=!F;A!EsYLb`B tOkh?jh+@KJ_JJW Rk5z_@,]Iq~{h0f We're bending an ear to what experts say about ASMR (autonomous sensory meridian response) sounds and your mental health. The MMPI is most commonly used by mental health professionals to assess and diagnose mental illness, but it has also been utilized in other fields outside of clinical psychology. The Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN) scale is another method developed to detect inconsistent, random responses. Scale - Cannot Say (MMPI/MMPI-2). This scale gauges social introversion, which is the tendency to avoid social interactions or feel awkward and withdraw from them. {@QpdWKWfIL_gw,FVZ \" HI!/=TuVl_\SUpG#nfHpP:5v[y)jV3DuYZ@(f z$MRJIjyP N;Fs]H0/dh2TsqF'_m?T8z{g/L9>ZLM%\A d9#-5Whoz}jb}V-fJ"b%D%Y8)%r7dD >XfnZc\3nor9tC$a@4J v1oE The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). You may feel apprehensive about the test and the possibility of being diagnosed with a mental health condition. This means the test and its materials are not freely available to the public. It includes nine Validity Scales (seven of which are modified versions of the MMPI-2 Validity Scales). Very high scores are usually a sign of defensiveness. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved). Sd highly correlates with Mp and L, and only slightly with K. High scores, >T65, are associated with claims of assertiveness, confidence, and virtuousness. Validity scales can show how accurate the test is, as well as to what degree answers may have been distorted. In response to these issues, the MMPI underwent a revision in the late 1980s. The most commonly used validity measures include the L (Lie), K (Correction), and F (Infrequency) scales. University of Minnesota. Pearson. hln0_epN$ bTU=X8;%hfY!S d High (>Raw 22). Highly correlated with the K scale. of maintaining continuity with the original MMPI, the basic Validity Scales (L, F, and K) were also left unchanged except for deleting four objectionable items from the F Scale, and the MMPI2 Clinical Scales were nearly identical to those of the MMPI. Mania vs. Hypomania: Whats the Difference? This scale measures how much a person abides by stereotypical masculine and feminine values and roles. The test grew to become one of the most widely used psychological assessments. The MMPI has built-in clinical scales that describe a persons psychological processes and how they respond to stress. Practical management of pain. File Type PDF Mmpi Interpretation Guide Mmpi Interpretation Guide Assessing Adolescent Psychopathology: MMPI-A / MMPI-A-RF, Fourth Edition provides . Though some inconsistent responding is not unusual, high levels suggest that the examinee may have responded randomly or had reading comprehension difficulties or had been confused, careless, uncooperative, or overtly psychotic. Flanagan C. (2015). Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Although some self-report instruments (e.g., the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI) have specifically been designed to consider the effects of participants' response styles in their disclosure of psychopathology, many of the most commonly used instruments (e.g., the revised edition of the Symptom Checklist-90, SCL-90-R; the Beck Depression Inventory, BDI) do not. While the MMPI is not a perfect test, it remains a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Your mental health and medical history will be considered, along with your experiences. It is widely used today in both clinical and non-clinical settings. It doesnt use percentile ranks that indicate how well you did on the test. Primarily, the MMPI is used to help mental health professionals assess and diagnose mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. The MMPI-2-RF contains 338 items, contains 9 validity and 42 homogeneous substantive scales, and allows for a straightforward interpretation strategy. stream Essentially, people who score high on this scale are trying to appear worse than they really are, they may be in severe psychological distress, or they may be just randomly answering questions without paying attention to what the questions say. This scale helps detect intentional overreporting in people who have a mental health disorder of some sort or who were using random or fixed responding. People may underreport because they're worried about being judged or they may be minimizing their problems or denying that they have any problems at all. They can also measure aspects of mental or social functioning that dont necessarily indicate a disorder. However, mental health professionals don't rely on the results alone when making a diagnosis. ed.). Because of this, most psychologists simply refer to each scale by number. Today, it is used to assess how much or how little a person identifies how rigidly an individual identifies with stereotypical male and female gender roles. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Butcher JN, Graham JR, Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A, Dahlstrom WG, Kaemmer B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. The Evolution of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory . Studies of MMPI accuracy usually focus on specific uses. stream MMPI-A PSY-5 Scales. Learn all about the MMPI and how its meant to help you. pbmT*Ivxp9$!mSmflO,y?.HsY It's real and treatable. % )$ (Lb T8. 2015;28(1):77-98. doi:10.1017/S0269889714000337. Greene, R. L. (2000). Interpretation of MMPI-2 Validity Scales Author: Nickerson Created Date: 20141020190118Z . hWNI~E}8 AlvA`Fc.hWDEOWWUW9S=V ) IzcZ(Jh47G(+BrBK@-TC&A)J omt@\m@ w?S.p/'bp7 A tally of omitted items. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. In the years after the test was first published, clinicians and researchers began to question the accuracy of the MMPI. (2015). The 42 substan-tive scales consist of the 9 previously developed . The goal was to develop an instrument that could be used as an objective tool for assessing different psychiatric conditions and their severity. Download Ebook Mmpi And Mmpi 2 Interpretation Manual For . Why the Thematic Apperception Test Is Used in Therapy, How the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Works, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, MMPI History: A Brief History of the MMPI Instruments, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryAdolescent-Resctructed Form (MMPI-A-RF), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3), Of psychometric means: Starke R. Hathaway and the popularization of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI-3: Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. This scale was designed by the original authors to identify what they referred to as "homosexual tendencies," for which it was largely ineffective. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Originally developed to identify psychopathic individuals, this scale measures social deviation, lack of acceptance of authority, and amorality (a disregard for morality). It also has sub-scales that assess the test taker's belief in human goodness, serenity, contentment with life, patience/denial of irritability, and denial of moral flaws. Many questions were removed or reworded while a number of new questions were added. Sellbom M, Anderson JL. Tendency to create a favorable impression as a response bias, conventional, rigid, moralistic, repression, denial, and insightless. MMPI Test Validity Scales All of the MMPI tests use validity scales of varying sorts to help assess the accuracy of each individual's answers. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form. Plus, four ASMR YouTubers, With decades of data from studying real couples, Dr. John Gottman's predictors of divorce are 93% accurate. Accessibility An analogue simulation design was used in which participants in an overreporting condition (163 undergraduate students) were instructed to feign mental health symptoms when responding to the MMPI-3 in the context of a compensation-seeking claim. High: (> Raw 5). It was utilized in psychology clinics, hospitals, correctional facilities, and pre-employment screenings. A high L will submerge scales of obvious psychopathology, and inflate scales of healthy functioning such as the Ego Strength scale. << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /TT1 8 0 R official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The "symptom validity" scale is used for people who are taking the test because they're claiming that they had a personal injury or disability. Also included are feelings of grandiosity and egocentricity. 10 0 obj As compared with L, the K scale assesses more sophisticated and subtle defensive responding. stream Mostly elevations in the F scale are due to psychopathology; high item overlap with scale 8. This scale was originally designed to identify depression, characterized by poor morale, lack of hope in the future, and general dissatisfaction with one's own life situation. Five subscales are; Belief in Human Goodness, Serenity, Contentment with Life, Patience and Denial of Irritability and Anger, and Denial of Moral Flaws. Interpret somatic scales cautiously . Remember, elevations on the scales are in comparison to other adolescents, not other people in general 1) so, kids with elevations are experiencing more rebelliousness, for example, than a typical adolescent (who, it could be argued experiences more rebelliousness than a typical adult) B. Validity . Overall, the findings generally support the validity and clinical utility of the MMPI-3 Validity Scales in the detection of overreporting. Before Psychol Assess. Scale scores shown in bold font are interpreted in the report. In general, clinically significant elevations on the Substantive Scales are identified beginning at T score 60. Introduction to MMPI-2 Interpretation of MMPI-2 Validity Scales Interpretation of MMPI-2 Clinical Scales A strength of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is its multiple indicators regarding an examinees approach to the test. Research and clinical applications of q-methodology, in which a set of descriptive statements are sorted into a forced, quasi-normal distribution, have recently been extended to validation of integrated interpretations of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2nd Edition (MMPI-2). Because such defensive responding masks experienced symptoms, several clinical scales (e.g., Schizophrenia) are corrected for K scale scores. Today, it's the most frequently used clinical testing instrument and is one of the most researched psychological tests in existence. In addition to the L and K scales, the Wiggins Social Desirability Scale, with items assessing self-confidence, social skills, and effective decision making, evaluates the degree to which examinees present themselves in a positive and socially desirable fashion. The items on this scale concern physical symptoms and well-being. As with K, if the person is indeed high functioning, a high score accurately measures ego strength. High scores are common with individuals who are well adjusted and well educated, and tend to be in control of their lives. Mp- Positive Malingering Scale (Cofer et al. Because respondents could easily guess the intent of these inventories, they could also manipulate the results with ease. validity information for each recovered and new scale, and convincingly demonstrate that their new Content Cluster approach results in improved prediction and interpretive power. Consider speaking with a doctor or a mental health professional to help you determine which type of MMPI test best aligns with your unique mental health experience. This scale asks questions designed to determine if test-takers are contradicting themselves in their responses. Marion BE, Sellbom M, Salekin RT, Toomey JA, Kucharski LT, Duncan S. Law Hum Behav. Interpretation of MMPI-2 validity scales. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. All MMPI-3 Validity Scales, particularly Fp (g = 1.29), F (g = 1.05), and RBS (g = 1.11), differentiated the overreporting group from patients with genuine psychopathology. Psychol Assess. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. The "superlative self-presentation" scale was developed in 1995 to look for additional underreporting. Fixed responding could be used due to not being able to read or comprehend the test material well or being defiant about having to take the test. While different versions of the test vary in construction, the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A are made of 10 scales that are used to indicate different psychological conditions. Floyd AE, et al. Return to Criminal Responsibility assessment overview. (2021). The MMPI-3 contains 335 self-report items and takes 25 to 35 minutes to administer by computer and 35 to 40 minutes to administer by paper and pencil. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A. MMPI-3: Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation. FOIA This scale points to difficulty with family and authority figures. All rights reserved. The MMPI-2-RF was constructed using a similar rationale used to create the Restructured Clinical (RC) scales. Research If you've been asked to take the MMPI, there isn't anything you need to do to prepare. The test has also been used as a screening instrument for certain professions, especially high-risk jobs, although using it in this manner has been controversial. Butcher JN, Williams C, Graham JR, Archer RP, Tellegen A, Ben-Porath YS. MMPI-3 Interpretive Worksheet Step 1. 2005-2023 Psych Central a Red Ventures Company. Its important to know that the MMPI isnt a standardized test in the usual sense. Mania and hypomania have similar symptoms. In addition, 14 critical item sets are provided, including 7 Depression/Suicidal Ideation items. The MMPI- It's also used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment programs, including substance use programs. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool utilized by mental health professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders. Several scales provide information about possible overreporting or symptom exaggeration. This scale was developed later than the other nine scales. The highest and lowest T scores possible on each scale are indicated by a "---"; MMPI-2-RF T scores are non-gendered. stream The MMPI is a well-researched and respected test designed to help mental health professionals diagnose mental health disorders and conditions. Both the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF are designed for individuals age 18 years and older. %PDF-1.5 Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Butcher, J. N., Graham, J. R., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Tellegen, A., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Kaemmer, B. Here is the revised and expanded edition of the indispensable companion for every mental The MMPI will probably never receive total approval or total disapproval. Interpretation of MMPI-2 Validity Scales Author: Nickerson Created Date: 20141020190118Z . endobj If this criteria is not met, then go to the next rule: if L.>6, K>22, L and K T> F Tscore, F-K<-19, Repression >T69 and Anxiety < T60, then shift the criteria down to include>T62. 4 0 obj and appendices for all the MMPI-2 scales including the newer validity measures; and * incorporates 570 references (235 completely new). The validity scales attempt to identify deceptive or inconsistent test results. Does taking a personality test give you the jitters? Here's a brief overview of the clinical scales on the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-A. The MMPI test should be used with other assessment tools as well. Archer RP, Handel RW, Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryAdolescent-Resctructed Form (MMPI-A-RF). Would you like email updates of new search results? Floyd AE, Gupta V. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Fb - Back F scale (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Grahm & Tellegen, 1989). <> >> h4;k1zA80\LJcR%Hl]$G}xV)67dciWyu;%4^[vxz`Kt8c\40L ,`]U9BS2H_Q*E:~+98+GF,6f0l7APn9_ Ms{zy|yo" /G|gEcQO~PB>xw[Q,>}~ti/~qi/ endstream endobj 1939 0 obj <>stream However, some individuals may approach the test in a manner that deviates from this optimal scenario, and MMPI-2 profiles can be interpreted with confidence only when these issues have been addressed. Last medically reviewed on April 28, 2022. 2017 Feb;29(2):199-208. doi: 10.1037/pas0000328. 2013:21-62. The present study evaluated the MMPI-3 Validity Scales in the identification of such response bias. xzKW^u=^H^vV!S(QE`WY7i74gvuvbU6f4K5$ VD=%*RQ3hTO $fwk}c\iGV1Z/ wdiM3 (h`1&Y8jR p.lImGqXbR;a*,=\**#Rmf3v=WZmjVXkF"v9@VzfIGq#mru${MCJr>v,yGzSXv Of Psychometric Means: Starke R. Hathaway and the Popularization of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, upress.umn.edu/test-division/mtdda/webdocs/mmpi-2-training-slides/interpretation-of-mmpi-2-validity-scales, upress.umn.edu/test-division/mmpi-2/mmpi-2-scales, upress.umn.edu/test-division/MMPI-2-RF/mmpi-2-rf-faqs, researchgate.net/publication/272366387_Of_Psychometric_Means_Starke_R_Hathaway_and_the_Popularization_of_the_Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory, sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323083409000165, upress.umn.edu/test-division/mmpi-2/mmpi-2, All About Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). All of the MMPI tests use validity scales of varying sorts to help assess the accuracy of each individual's answers. There are a variety of versions of the MMPI in general use today: These versions of the test are based on different norms and clinical scales. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The MMPI-2 is often used in legal cases, including criminal defense and custody disputes. MeSH endobj Its not a test you either pass or fail. ASMR: Why Certain Sounds Soothe Your Mind, 4 Relationship Behaviors That Often Lead to Divorce, non-responding or inconsistent responding (CNS, VRIN, TRIN), over-reporting, or exaggerating psychological symptoms, popularly called faking bad (F, Fb, Fp, FBS), under-reporting, or reducing psychological symptoms, popularly called faking good (L, K, S). The MMPI-2 yields scores for ten clusters of mental health issues. This is more likely than the other possible interpretation, namely that the testee decompensated toward the end of the test from having taken such a long self-report. 11 0 obj Its one tool within a large diagnostic toolbox, and its constantly being reviewed and revised. 6 0 obj The MMPI-2 uses the following scales. VRIN measures the degree to which the examinee responded consistently to items similar in content, with logically inconsistent responses of particular note. These clusters of mental health symptoms and the accompanying scores are referred to as clinical scales. Therefore a T score of 50 is at the mean of the control groups, and a T score of 70 is two deviations above the mean and considered significantly elevated for the MMPI. They point out that the MMPI can also help test takers to consider their mental health and better understand their own psychology. MMPI-3: A new norm [Video file]. The F (Infrequency) scale includes items selected to detect unusual or atypical responses. Low scores of 5 or less responded with a "nay-saying" test set, responding mainly "False.". It can also be due to over or underreporting, fixed responding, becoming tired, or being under severe stress. The MMPI can be administered individually or in groups and computerized versions are available as well. Two comparison groups (657 undergraduate students and 223 community mental health patients) were instructed to respond to the MMPI-3 under standard instructions. Scores of 13 or more would be considered invalid. 48/84 Doesn'tseemtotintoenvironment;odd,peculiar,queer;nonconformingand resenulofauthority;mayespouseradicalreligiousorpolicalviews;errac," This scale identifies tendencies toward bizarre thoughts and social alienation. What to Know About the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. College students completed a battery of criterion measures before assignment to a Standard Instructions (SIs) Group (n = 288), an . endobj %PDF-1.6 % Each test version also contains varying content scales, clinical subscales, and supplementary scales. University of Minnesota Press. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Epub 2016 May 16. (n.d.). The test is part of a psychological evaluation your clinician will make. A scale is a group of questions that measure a persons tendency toward a certain mental health condition. The site is secure. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> The 9 Validity Scales consist of 7 revised MMPI-2 validity indicators and two new scales. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in 1937 by clinical psychologist Starke R. Hathaway and neuropsychiatrist J. Charnley McKinley at the University of Minnesota. It also gauges feelings of alienation from self and society as well as boredom. Sci Context. hbbd```b``@$2d, 2X7D --10 such sub-scales that correspond to diff mental health conditions --4/9 validity scales e. 2017 Jul;24(5):555-574. doi: 10.1177/1073191115621791. adequate measures. This scale identifies abnormal fears, self-criticism, and concentration difficulty. endobj Receiving an accurate assessment and diagnosis can help you get the treatment you need to feel your best. They originally developed the test to be used in the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota. 2010 Dec;22(4):757-67. doi: 10.1037/a0020825. 5 0 obj (2021). F Scale - Infrequency (Hathaway & McKinley, 1951) (60 items). endobj Validity Indicators Superlative Self-Presentation Subscales Clinical Scales Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales Content Scales Content Component Scales Supplementary Scales Clinical Subscales (Harris-Lingoes and Social Introversion Subscales) VALIDITY INDICATORS ? (MMPI-2) 40 items found after item 280. 13 0 obj People have always had concerns over the reliability and accuracy of the MMPI ever since it was first published in 1942. According to the publisher of the MMPI, the University of Minnesota Press, employers sometimes use the test in job screenings for high risk public safety positions, such as: The University of Minnesota first published the test by Starke R. Hathaway and J.C. McKinley in 1942 and currently owns the copyright. The creators of the test felt that the self-report inventories of the time were too transparent. This section consists of 20 paired questions that are the opposite of each other. Also known as the "cannot say" scale, this validity scale assesses the number of items left unanswered. People who score high on this scale deliberately try to present themselves in the most positive way possible, rejecting shortcomings or unfavorable characteristics. 1983-2011 Robert M. Gordon, Ph.D. ABPP. 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,3,4 1,4 1,5 1.5 . This can be also be High due to severe psychopathology. This study aimed to develop a q-set customized for individuals diagnosed with substance abuse or those . (2013). Forensic Uses of Clinical Assessment Instruments. A diagnosis should never be made solely on the results of the MMPI. It is important to look for a pattern that may exist in the items that are left blank. Validity Scales A high L can mean anything from a very well mannered normal wanting to give a good impression, to a compensated paranoid. DeKyO?LNEG{ZK@&'K3[lt#y`%2n;0LLML-' ]XFW\/}e2KD2{]pS_u]A4Wh_kM,lp&~rE?yH_/n$SGM.rYg7r}/Ux7KI-{v`p YzclN-.

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